Long and short-term memory theory challenged

WASHINGTON - A new study has challenged the long-held theory of human brain using different mechanisms for forming long-term and short-term memories.

Neuroscientists from UCL assessed patients with amnesia for the research.

In cases of amnesia, patients are unable to form long-lasting memories due to an injury to the hippocampi, a pair of brain structures located in the depth of the temporal lobes.

However, researchers observed that the patients were able to remember a phone number over short periods of time, as long as they were attentive.

Based on the examination, the researchers built a hypothesis that the hippocampus supports long-term but not short-term memory

However, the UCL study shows that this distinction has to be reconsidered.

The team continued their research and studied patients with a specific form of epilepsy called ‘temporal lobe epilepsy with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis’, which leads to marked dysfunction of the hippocampi.

They asked the patients to try and memorise photographic images depicting normal scenes, for example chairs and a table in a living-room.

Their memory of the image was tested and brain activity recorded using MEG (magnetoencephalography) after a short interval of just five seconds, or a long interval of 60 minutes.

The researchers noted that short-term memory about more detailed aspects of the scene required the coordinated activity of a network of visual and temporal brain areas, while standard short-term memory drew on a very different network.

The coordinated activity of visual and temporal brain areas was disrupted in the patients with hippocampal sclerosis.

Professor Emrah Duzel, UCL Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, said: “As we anticipated, the patients could not distinguish the studied images from new images after 60 minutes - but performed normally at five seconds. However, a striking deficit emerged even at five seconds when we asked them to recall the detailed arrangement of objects within the scenes.

“These findings identify two distinct short-term memory networks in the brain: one that functions independently of the hippocampus and remains intact in patients with long-term memory deficits and one that is dependent on the hippocampus and is impaired alongside long-term memory.”

Nathan Cashdollar, UCL Institute of Neurology and first author of the paper, added: “Recent behavioural observations had already begun challenging the classical distinction between long-term and short-term memory which has persisted for nearly half a century. However, this is the first functional and anatomical evidence showing which mechanisms are shared between short-term and long-term memory and which are independent.”

“They also highlight that patients with impaired long-term memory have a short-term memory burden to carry in their daily life as well.”

The study has been published in PNAS. (ANI)