Nanoscale gene ‘ignition switch’ could help detect and treat cancer
By ANIThursday, December 16, 2010
LONDON - A new study in mice has shown that a set of genetic instructions encased in a nanoparticle can be used as an “ignition switch” to rev up gene activity that aids cancer detection and treatment.
The switch, called a promoter, is a set of chemical letters that interacts with DNA to turn on gene activity. In this case, scientists at Johns Hopkins and the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) used a promoter called PEG-Prom, cloned by researcher Paul Fisher.
PEG-Prom is activated only when inside cancer cells, not in normal ones.
“With current imaging devices like CT and PET, we can tell if something is wrong in a patient, but we don’t have definitive tools to distinguish cancer from inflammation or infection,” says Martin Pomper, professor of radiology at Johns Hopkins. “It generally takes at least one month after giving patients certain cancer treatments before existing imaging tools can measure the patient’s response to the therapy.”
To differentiate cancer cells from normal cells, Johns Hopkins scientists connected PEG-Prom to either a gene that produces firefly luciferase, the substance that make fireflies glow, or a gene called HSV1tk, which initiates a chemical reaction with radioactive labels inside the cell that can be detected by imaging devices. Once inside a cancer cell, the PEG-Prom switch is turned on, and it activates either the luciferase or HSV1tk gene.
Then, they stuffed the PEG-Prom/gene combination into tiny spheres - about 50,000 times smaller than the head of a pin - and intravenously injected the nanoparticles into mice with either metastatic breast cancer or melanoma.
The findings reveal a 30-fold difference in identifying cancer cells containing luciferase and normal cells that did not contain the substance. Similar results were observed in cancer cells filled with the radioactive labels and normal ones that were not.
“This type of imaging technique has the potential to add to existing tools with more specificity in identifying the problem,” says Pomper.
Pomper says that the technique could likely be used in any cancer, and the nanoparticle and HSV1tk gene used in the current study have been tested previously in clinical studies unrelated to Pomper’s work.
The study has been reported in the December 12 online edition of Nature Medicine. (ANI)
